Money Laundering & Terrorist Financing Typologies 2004-2005
Financial Action Task Force
Chapter Three: Proceeds from Trafficking in Human Beings and
Illegal Migration/Human Smuggling, June 10, 2005
Summary: Human trafficking and human smuggling, according to this report, represent "a core business of international criminal organisations" which generates an estimated U.S. $10 billion per year.
Alien Smuggling: New Tools and Intelligence Initiatives
Prepared testimony by John P. Torres, Deputy Assistant Director, Smuggling & Public Safety, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Delivered before the House Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Claims, Committee on the Judiciary, May 18, 2004
Summary: "Human smuggling and trafficking into the United States constitute a significant risk to national security and public safety," Torres says. Smuggling and trafficking pipelines, he says, could be exploited by terrorist and extremist organizations seeking to gain entry into the United States.
Clear Law Enforcement for Criminal Alien Removal Act of 2003 (CLEAR ACT)
Prepared testimony by John M. Morganelli, District Attorney, Northampton County, Pennsylvania
Capitol Hill Hearing: "Local Enforcement of Immigration Laws"
House Judiciary Committee, Immigration, Border Security and Claims Subcommittee. October 1, 2003
Summary: "Unfortunately, the majority of illegal aliens who are here are engaged in criminal activity,” according to Morganelli. “Identity theft, use of fraudulent social security numbers and green cards, tax evasion, driving without licenses represent some of the crimes that are engaged in by the majority of illegal aliens on a daily basis merely to maintain and hide their illegal status."
Human Trafficking: Transnational Crime and Links with Terrorism
By Louise Shelley, professor and director for the Transnational Crime and Corruption Center at American University
Prepared testimony delivered before the House Committee on International Relations Subcommittee on International Terrorism, Nonproliferation and Human Rights. June 25, 2003
Summary: Shelley discusses five different "business models" that exist among human smugglers and traffickers. Each model, she writes, "is associated with a different national group and reflects deep historical influences, geographical realities and the market forces which drive the trade."
Asian Criminal Enterprises and Prostitution
By Marcus Frank, Special Investigations Unit, Intelligence/Organized Crime, Westminster Police Department, California
An edited version of a paper delivered to the
24th International Asian Organized Crime Conference held in
Chicago, Illinois. March 25-39, 2002
Summary: Not all Asian women smuggled into the United States for prostitution are deceived by their smugglers. Some were prostitutes in their native countries and come to the United States hoping to earn more money than they could back home, according to this study done by Asian gang expert Marcus Frank.
Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives
Edited by David Kyle and Rey Koslowski, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001
Summary: This book examines a wide variety of facets to the growing problem of human smuggling. Some 4 million people are smuggled across borders each year, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Three chapters dealing with Chinese human smuggling are reprinted here:
From Fujian to New York: Understanding the New Chinese Immigration
By Zai Liang and Wenshen Ye
Summary Undocumented migration from Fujian is a continuation of a long-term tradition of international migration and the perception -- not the reality -- that Fujian is poor compared with the rest of China, the authors say.
The Social Organization of Chinese Human Smuggling
By Ko-Lin Chin
Summary Chinese human smuggling is operated by legitimate groups working independently who are not associated with organized crime, says Chin.
Impact of Chinese Human Smuggling on the American Labor Market
By Peter Kwong
Summary As long as there is a demand for cheap, vulnerable labor which is unprotected by U.S. laws, there will be jobs for illegal aliens and a market (estimated at about $4 billion annually) for human smugglers, Kwong writes.
