Weapons of Mass Destruction: The New Strategic Framework
BIOGRAPHIES OF THE AUTHORS
JOHN R. BOLTON
John R. Bolton was sworn in as Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security on May 11, 2001.
Prior to his appointment, Mr. Bolton was Senior Vice President of the American Enterprise Institute (AEI). AEI is a nonprofit public policy center dedicated to preserving and strengthening the foundations of freedom through research, education, and open debate.
Mr. Bolton has spent many years of his career in public service. Previous positions he has held are Assistant Secretary for International Organization Affairs at the Department of State, 1989-1993; Assistant Attorney General, Department of Justice, 1985-1989; Assistant Administrator for Program and Policy Coordination, U.S. Agency for International Development, 1982-1983; General Counsel, U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981-1982.
Mr. Bolton is also an attorney. From 1983 through 1999, he was a partner in the law firm of Lerner, Reed, Bolton & McManus. From 1974-1981 he was an associate at the Washington office of Covington & Burling, where he returned as a member of the firm from 1983-1985, after public service at the U.S. Agency for International Development.
Under Secretary Bolton was born in Baltimore on November 20, 1948. He graduated with a B.A., summa cum laude, from Yale University and received his J.D. from Yale Law School. He is married to the former Gretchen Brainerd; they have one daughter, Jennifer Sarah.
Anthony H. Cordesman holds the Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at The Center for Strategic & International Studies. He is also a national security analyst for ABC News, and his television commentary has been featured prominently during the Gulf War, Desert Fox, the conflict in Kosovo, and the fighting in Afghanistan.
During his time at CSIS, Professor Cordesman has been director of the Gulf Net Assessment Project and the Gulf in Transition study, and principal investigator of the CSIS Homeland Defense Project. He has led studies on national missile defense, asymmetric warfare and weapons of mass destruction, and critical infrastructure protection. He has also written on U.S. defense programs and force transformation, the Western military balance, the nuclear balance, arms control in the Arab-Israeli military balance, the economic stability of North Africa, the Asian military balance, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. He directed the CSIS Middle East Net Assessment Program and acted as co-director of the CSIS Strategic Energy Initiative.
He is the author of a wide range of studies on U.S. security policy, energy policy, and Middle East policy, a number of which are available on the CSIS Web site (www.csis.org).
Professor Cordesman has previously served as national security assistant to Senator John McCain of the Senate Armed Services Committee, as director of intelligence assessment in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, as civilian assistant to the deputy secretary of defense, and as director of policy and planning for resource applications in the Department of Energy. He has also served in numerous other government positions, including in the State Department and on NATO International Staff, and he has had numerous foreign assignments, including posts in Lebanon, Egypt, and Iran, with extensive work in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf.
Professor Cordesman is the author of more than 20 books, including a four-volume series on the lessons of modern war. His recent books include Terrorism, Asymmetric Warfare, and Weapons of Mass Destruction (Praeger, 2002); Cyber-threats, Information Warfare, and Critical Infrastructure Protection (Praeger, 2002); Strategic Threats and National Missile Defenses (Praeger, 2002); The Lessons and Non-Lessons of the Air and Missile Campaign in Kosovo (Praeger, 2001); Peace and War (Praeger, 2001); A Tragedy of Arms (Praeger, 2001); Iraq and the War of Sanctions (Praeger, 2000); and Iran's Military Forces in Transition (Praeger, 2000). He has been awarded the Department of Defense Distinguished Service Medal. A former adjunct professor of national security studies at Georgetown University, he has twice been a Wilson Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars at the Smithsonian Institution.
Matthew A. Cordova was born at Ft. Lewis, Washington and raised in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He was educated at Stanford University, where he received the Marie and Warren Christopher Scholarship and graduated in 1994 with an A.B. degree in Public Policy, with honors. He resides in Alexandria, Virginia.
In 1995, he worked at DFI International as a consultant to U.S. government and industry clients. He worked on a diverse range of issues, including defense planning, peacekeeping in Africa, deployment of U.S. Air Force assets abroad and development of an investment strategy for the U.S. defense aircraft sector.
During 1996 and 1997, he provided analytical support to the Office of the Secretary of Defense and Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. He was responsible for coordinating the planning, analysis and evaluation of the composite ballistic missile defense program.
Matt served as a desk officer in the Theater and Strategic Defenses Division of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) in 1998. His service included representation as U.S. technical adviser to the Standing Consultative Commission in Geneva, Switzerland. He advised the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and the ACDA Director on policy development and implementation issues regarding the ABM Treaty, National and Theater Missile Defense, missile defense cooperation and space weapons issues.
In 1999, Matt served as a desk officer in the State Department's Office of Theater and Strategic Defenses. He advised the Assistant Secretary and Under Secretary on strategic arms control issues related to the ABM Treaty, National Missile Defense and worked with colleagues at the Pentagon, the intelligence community and National Security Council staff to coordinate a diplomatic game plan.
During 1999-2000, Matt was selected to serve as a Special Assistant in the Office of the Secretary of State, Executive Secretariat. In that office he was responsible for staffing policy, management and other memoranda and information within the Department and from other agencies to the Secretary, Deputy Secretary and Under Secretaries. His principal portfolio consisted of Europe and Eurasia, International Organizations and Department management issues. During that period Matt led a number of the Secretary's staff advance teams in over 30 countries and accompanied the Secretary and President on foreign travel to provide staff support and operate the Secretary's 24-hour staff office and operations center on the road with colleagues from the Executive Secretariat.
Matt presently serves as Deputy Director of the Office of Political-Military Affairs in the European and Eurasian Bureau at the State Department. He advises the Assistant Secretary and Deputy Assistant Secretary on a wide range of issues and is responsible for coordinating security policy integration for 49 countries. These include some of the highest-priority issues in the government, such as strategic issues, nonproliferation, counterterrorism, border security, export controls and security and threat reduction assistance programs.
Matt is an avid tennis player, a big baseball and Stanford sports fan and enjoys travel and volunteering with kids.
Since July 1997 Richard A. Davis has been the Director of Strategic Negotiations in the State Department's Bureau of Arms Control. In this position he is responsible for developing nuclear arms control policy and negotiations, and overseeing the implementation of existing nuclear arms control treaties.
Prior to his current assignment, Mr. Davis has held a number of positions since 1977 dealing with national security affairs, in the State Department, on the National Security Council staff and on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee staff. He has been involved in the negotiation of every strategic arms control treaty since the 1979 SALT II Treaty.
A graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he earned a Master of Science degree and held a Ford Foundation research fellowship from the same institution. He is a native of Washington, D.C., born in 1951, married to Stacy Bernard Davis and has three children: Claire, Harrison and Matthew.
Dr. Kartchner is Senior Adviser for Missile Defense Policy and Senior Representative of the U.S. Department of State to the U.S. Component of the Standing Consultative Commission (for the ABM Treaty) in Geneva, Switzerland, assigned to the Office of Strategic and Theater Missile Defense in the Bureau of Arms Control. He also serves as a senior adviser to Bureau and Department leadership on deterrence and strategic arms control more broadly. He has recently assumed substantive responsibility for the Department's public diplomacy efforts related to the Administration's U.S. missile defense policy.
Prior to this assignment, he served as the Senior State Department Representative (and previously the Senior Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Representative) to the Joint Compliance and Inspection Commission (for the START Treaty), where he was chairman and chief U.S. spokesman for the Inspection Protocol Working Group and the Space Launch Issues Working Group. He has also served in the Bureau of Verification and Intelligence as Chairman of the interagency START Verification and Compliance Analysis Working Group. Before joining ACDA and the Department of State, he was Senior Policy Analyst and Area Leader for Arms Control at Analytic Services (ANSER) in Arlington, Virginia. He has over 20 years of experience in the field of national security affairs, with particular emphasis on nuclear weapons policy and arms control. From 1986 to 1990, he was an Assistant Professor on the faculty of the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, where he was responsible for developing and teaching courses on nuclear strategy and targeting, arms control, international relations, U.S.-Soviet relations, and NATO security. Prior to that time he served: as a consultant on nuclear weapons policy to the Computer Sciences Corporation and the National Institute for Public Policy in Washington, D.C.; as a Visiting Scholar at the Hoover Institution; as a graduate student Instructor at the University of Southern California; and as an Adjunct Professor at the Naval Postgraduate School.
Dr. Kartchner has been the recipient of a Meritorious Honor Award (1999) and a Hubert H. Humphrey Arms Control Fellowship (1989), both from the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. He is the author of a history of the START negotiations: Negotiating START: Strategic Arms Reduction Talks and the Quest for Strategic Stability, (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1992). Other recent publications include "Origins of the ABM Treaty," in Rockets' Red Glare: Missile Defense and the Future of World Politics (Westview Press, August 2001), and "Beyond the ABM Treaty: The Future of the Offense-Defense Relationship," to be published in Arms Control: Cooperative Security in a Changing Environment, (forthcoming from Lynne Rienner). His chapter on the "Objectives of Arms Control," originally published in Arms Control Toward the 21st Century, (Lynne Rienner, 1996), was selected for reprinting in the seventh edition of American Defense Policy (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997). His B.A. in International Relations is from Brigham Young University (1981). His M.A. (1984) and Ph.D. (1987), also in International Relations, with emphasis in foreign policy analysis and strategic studies, are from the University of Southern California. He is a frequent speaker on topics related to U.S. foreign policy, arms control, weapons of mass destruction, and ballistic missile defense.
Richard Lugar is an unwavering advocate of U.S. leadership in the world, strong national security, free trade and economic growth. This fifth-generation Hoosier is the longest serving U.S. Senator in Indiana history. He is the Republican leader of the Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee, and a senior member on the Foreign Relations and Intelligence Committees. He was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 1976 and won a fifth term in 2000, his third consecutive victory by a two-thirds majority. He holds all Indiana statewide election records.
Lugar manages his family's 604-acre Marion County corn, soybean and tree farm. Before entering public life he helped manage, with his brother Tom, the family's food machinery manufacturing business in Indianapolis.
As the two-term mayor of Indianapolis (1968-75), he envisioned the unification of the city and surrounding Marion County into one government. Unigov, as Lugar's plan was called, set the city on a path of uninterrupted economic growth.
Richard Lugar has been a leader in reducing the threat of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. In 1991, he forged a bipartisan partnership with then-Senate Armed Services Chairman Sam Nunn (Democrat-Georgia), to destroy these weapons of mass destruction in the former Soviet Union. To date, the Nunn-Lugar program has deactivated nearly 6,000 nuclear warheads that were once aimed at the United States.
As Chairman of the Agriculture Committee, Lugar built bipartisan support for 1996 federal farm program reforms, ending 1930s-era federal production controls. He has promoted broader risk management options for farmers, research advancements, increased export opportunities and higher net farm income. Lugar initiated a biofuels research program to help decrease U.S. dependency on foreign oil. He also led initiatives to streamline the U.S. Department of Agriculture, reform the food stamp program and preserve the federal school lunch program.
Lugar has promoted policies that spur economic growth, cut taxes, led to job creation, eliminate wasteful government spending and reduce bureaucratic red tape for American businesses.
His Hoosier common sense has been recognized many times, including such awards as Guardian of Small Business, the Spirit of Enterprise, Watchdog of the Treasury, and 34 honorary doctorate degrees. He was the fourth person ever named Outstanding Legislator by the American Political Science Association.
Richard Lugar and his wife, Charlene, were married September 8, 1956, and have four sons and seven grandchildren.
Dr. J. David Martin (SES-5) is currently deputy for Strategic Relations in the Missile Defense Agency (MDA), Department of Defense, Pentagon, Washington, D.C. He is responsible for the international affairs aspect of the Missile Defense Agency, MDA's support for various arms control negotiations, and coordination with other DoD and government offices involved in BMD policy. Dr. Martin is the chairman (or cochairman) of numerous international committees and steering groups on the subject of theater missile defense cooperation (NATO, France, Germany, and Japan). Dr. Martin was born in Delhi, New York. He received his bachelor of science in Engineering Mechanics from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and his master of science and a doctorate in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics from the University of Illinois. From 1966 to 1974, Dr. Martin was involved in a number of ballistic missile defense research and development activities at the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory in Buffalo, New York. For the next five years he was a staff member in the Office of the Secretary of Defense. From 1974 to 1977 he was assigned to the Office for Strategic Forces and Arms Limitation. This assignment included two tours with the SALT II Delegation in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1977, he was named director for Theater Nuclear Force Programs, also in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, where he was a major contributor to DoD's decision to develop the Pershing II and Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM). Dr. Martin served from 1979 through 1984 as director of Nuclear Planning on the International Staff at NATO Headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. He was instrumental in implementing NATO's 1979 decision to deploy U.S. Pershing II and GLCMs in Europe and was responsible for discussing the rationale for the NATO decision and for articulating NATO's nuclear policy with a wide array of European senior government officials, parliamentarians, journalists, academicians, and other influential public groups. He joined the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization, later named BMDO, in February 1985. Dr. Martin has received the Department of Defense Meritorious Service Medal and two Presidential awards (Distinguished Senior Executive and Meritorious Senior Executive). He was also awarded the Ordre National de Merit by the Republic of France. During the 1994 AIAA Multinational Conference on Theater Missile Defense Dr. Martin received an award for his continuing contributions to international cooperation in theater missile defense.
Michael O'Hanlon is a senior fellow in the foreign policy studies program at the Brookings Institution, where he specializes in U.S. defense strategy and budgeting, military technology, Northeast Asian security, Balkan security, and humanitarian intervention. He is also adjunct professor at the public policy school of Columbia University, and a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Council on Foreign Relations. O'Hanlon's most recent Brookings publications are Winning Ugly: NATO's War to Save Kosovo (with Ivo Daalder), and Technological Change and the Future of Warfare (copyright 2000), which describes and assesses the hypothesis that a contemporary revolution in military affairs is within reach. His previous Brookings studies include How to Be a Cheap Hawk (1998), Saving Lives with Force (1997), A Half Penny on the Federal Dollar: The Future of Development Aid (with Carol Graham, 1997), and Defense Planning for the Late 1990s (1995). O'Hanlon's major articles include "Star Wars Strikes Back," Foreign Affairs (November/December 1999), "Unlearning the Lessons of Kosovo," Foreign Policy (with Ivo Daalder, Fall 1999), "China's Hollow Military," National Interest (with Bates Gill, Summer 1999), "Can High Technology Bring U.S. Troops Home?" Foreign Policy (Winter 1998/ 1999), "Stopping a North Korean Invasion," International Security (Spring 1998), "Restructuring U.S. Forces and Bases in Japan," in Mike M. Mochizuki, ed., Toward a True Alliance (Brookings, 1997), and "Transforming NATO: The Role of European Forces," Survival (Autumn 1997). He has also written several op-eds in each of the following newspapers: The Washington Post, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Los Angeles Times, and several others. He has appeared on Nightline, The Lehrer Newshour, and the news programs of CNN, BBC, ABC, NBC, and CBS. Prior to beginning his work at Brookings in 1994, O'Hanlon was an analyst at the Congressional Budget Office, where he specialized in nuclear weapons issues, Mideast security, and foreign aid from 1989-1994. He also worked previously at the Institute for Defense Analyses. His Ph.D. from Princeton is in public and international affairs; his bachelor's and master's degrees, also from Princeton, are in the physical sciences. He served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Congo/ Kinshasa (the former Zaire) from 1982-1984.
Herbert Baker Spring (Email: staff@heritage.org) is the F.M. Kirby Research Fellow In National Security Policy at the Heritage Foundation in Washington, D.C. His areas of expertise are defense spending and ballistic missile defense. Baker Spring examines the threat of ballistic missiles from Third World countries and U.S. national security issues. Previously he served as a defense and foreign policy expert in the offices of two U.S. Senators. A graduate of Washington and Lee University, Mr. Spring received his M.A. in national security studies from Georgetown University. He is the author of the following Heritage Foundation publications:
BOOK:
Chapter 9: Defending America from Missile Attack (Priorities for the President, 2001)
BACKGROUNDERS:
No. 1549. U.S.-Russia Summit Priorities: The Strategic Framework, a Nuclear Arms Agreement, and Trade with Ariel Cohen, Ph.D. (May 14, 2002)
No. 1501. Strategic Defense and Cooperation Must Top the Agenda at the Bush-Putin Summit in Texas with Ariel Cohen, Ph.D. (November 7, 2001)
No. 1477. Talking Points: Terrorist Attack on America Confirms the Growing Need for Missile Defense (September 20, 2001)
No. 1444. The Shalikashvili Report on the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (May 25, 2001)
No. 1396. Clinton's Failed Missile Defense Policy: A Legacy of Missed Opportunities (September 21, 2000)
No. 1385. Myths About Missile Defense and the Arms Race (July 13, 2000)
No. 1356. Beware of a U.S.-Russia Deal on Missile Defense (April 6, 2000)
No. 1355. The President's Important Choice on Missile Defense (March 31, 2000)
No. 1334. Why the Administration's Stockpile Stewardship Will Harm the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent (October 7, 1999)
No. 1332. The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty: In Arms Control's Worst Tradition (October 7, 1999)
No. 1330. The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and U.S. Nuclear Disarmament (October 6, 1999)
No. 1288. Maintaining Momentum for Missile Defense (June 1, 1999)
No. 1225. Making the Case for Missile Defense with James H. Anderson, Ph.D. (October 5, 1998)
No. 1215. The ABM Treaty: Outdated and Dangerous (August 20, 1998)
No. 1210. The Clinton Administration's Dangerous ABM Agreements (August 3, 1998)
No. 1183. India's Nuclear Tests Show Folly of Rushing Test Ban Treaty (May 21, 1998)
CENTER FOR DATA ANALYSIS REPORT:
No. 98-03. Current Budget Priorities May Have Serious Defense Consequences with John Barry (June 4, 1998)
EXECUTIVE MEMORANDA:
No. 817. Don't Let Politics or Bureaucracy Hobble Missile Defense (May 31, 2002)
No. 814. Assisting a Friend in Need: Why the U.S. Should Expand Funding for Israel's Arrow Program (May 10, 2002)
No. 803. How to Interpret the CBO Report on Missile Defense with Jack Spencer (March 4, 2002)
No. 797. Continue the Sea-Based Terminal-Phase Missile Defense Program (December 19, 2001)
No. 771. Forging a Deal for Payment of U.N. Arrears with Brett Schaefer (September 4, 2001)
No. 744. From Presidential Plan to Protection: Next Steps on Missile Defense (May 4, 2001)
No. 734. Don't Shortchange Defense: The Urgent Need for Supplemental Defense Spending with Jack Spencer (April 2, 2001)
No. 710. Establishing the National Priority on Missile Defense (January 16, 2001)
No. 688 Putting The Missile Defense Test In Perspective (July 13, 2000)
No. 671. The False Choice: START II or National Missile Defense (April 20, 2000)
No. 642. Missile Defense Programs Lag Behind The Threat (January 11, 2000)
No. 640. Cutting the Navy Theater-Wide Program will Undercut Missile Defense (December 10, 1999)
No. 637. The Pentagon Missile Defense Report: Another Attempt to Delay Defending America (November 19, 1999)
No. 616. The President on National Missile Defense: Of Two Minds and No Commitment (July 30, 1999)
No. 614. Missile Defense Testing Needed to Meet North Korean Threat (July 28, 1999)
No. 612. The White House End Run (Again) Around the Senate on the ABM Treaty (July 19, 1999)
No. 610. The ABM Treaty with Russia: A Treaty That Never Was (July 6, 1999)
No. 608. Successful Missile Defense Test Shows Technologies Work (June 18, 1999)
No. 561. Accept No Russian Conditions to START II Treaty (December 4, 1998)
No. 558. The Army's New Division: A Force Cut By Any Other Name (October 30, 1998)
No. 534. President Clinton's Contradictory Policy on the ABM Treaty (June 16, 1998).
No. 530. House Resolution Tells the President: Defend All Americans from Missile Attack (June 2, 1998)
No. 521. The ABM Treaty -- Not Political Pressure -- Causes Risk in Ballistic Missile Defense (April 3, 1998)
HERITAGE LECTURE:
No. 712. How the ABM Treaty Obstructs Missile Defense (July 10, 2001)
OP-EDS:
June 13, 2002. Loosing the ABM Handcuffs
April 18, 2001. Missile Defense: Time to Act
February 14, 2001. Missile Defense: Back to Reality
WEB MEMOS:
December 17, 2001. Continue the Sea-Based Terminal-Phase Missile Defense Program
November 5, 2001. Arms Control: Setting Aside the ABM Treaty and Moving Towards a Smaller Strategic Nuclear Force
John Stern Wolf was sworn in as Assistant Secretary for the State Department's Bureau of Nonproliferation on October 2, 2001.
Mr. Wolf entered on duty as a Foreign Service officer with the Department of State in 1970. He has served in Australia, Vietnam, Greece, and Pakistan as well as in Washington. Mr. Wolf was Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Organization Affairs from 1989-92. He served as Ambassador to Malaysia from 1992-95. He was appointed Coordinator for Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in January 1996, and confirmed by the Senate as Ambassador for APEC in February 1997. From 1999-2000, Mr. Wolf served as Special Adviser to the President and Secretary of State for Caspian Basin Energy Diplomacy. President Bush nominated him to be Assistant Secretary for Nonproliferation on September 11, 2001.
Mr. Wolf graduated from Dartmouth College (B.A. 1970). He was a Mid-career Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University from 1978-79. Mr. Wolf received the President's Meritorious Service Award in 1992 and 2000; the Department of State's Charles E. Cobb, Jr. Award for Initiative and Success in Trade Development in 1993; and the annual Asia Pacific Council of American Chambers of Commerce Award in 1996. He hails from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mr. Wolf is married and has two children.
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