STEVEN J. COFFEY       

Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 1995-Present:

• Responsible for promoting U.S. government human rights and democracy programs

• Special focus on former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Asia

• Involved in formulating policy on regional conflicts in Bosnia and Rwanda

• Led special diplomatic missions to Vietnam, Mexico, Albania, Cambodia, Mexico, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan

• Testified before Congress on human rights in Vietnam, religious freedom in the Middle East, and human rights abuses in Iraq

Director of Office of Bilateral Affairs, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 1994-1995:

• Formulated diplomatic strategy to achieve U.S. human rights goals

• Oversaw preparation of annual U.S. government human rights reports

Head of Russia Office, Bureau of European Affairs, 1992-1994:

• Responsible for advising Secretary of State on all aspects of U.S.-Russian relations

• Supervised nine staff members

Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy, Algiers, 1989-1992:

• Responsible for overseeing all aspects of embassy operations

• Head of embassy in absence of Ambassador

Special Assistant to Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs, 1986-1989:

• Responsible for advising Undersecretary on affairs dealing with Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and arms control

• Participated in negotiations leading to withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan

• Served as speech writer for Undersecretary

Deputy Director of Office of Strategic Nuclear Policy, Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, 1985-1986:

• Responsible for managing negotiations on Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) and nuclear testing

Office of Theater Nuclear Policy, Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, 1984-1985:

• Responsible for negotiations on intermediate range nuclear forces in Europe

• Participated in talks in Geneva

Special Fellow at Harriman Institute, Columbia University, 1983-1984:

• Lectured and conducted research on Soviet internal policy

Political Officer, U.S. Embassy, Moscow, 1980-1983:

• Responsible for analysis of Soviet domestic politics, including maneuvering within the Soviet leadership

Research Analyst, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 1978-1980:

• Published numerous intelligence reports on Soviet domestic politics, including Soviet nationality problems

Education:

• Hamilton College, Clinton, N.Y., Bachelor of Arts, 1969

• University of Wisconsin (Madison), Master of Arts, European History, 1971

• University of Wisconsin (Madison), Ph.D, European History, 1976

Awards:

• Member of Phi Beta Kappa, 1968

• Recipient of Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, 1969

• Recipient of Fulbright-Hayes Dissertation Abroad Fellowship (Helsinki, Finland)

Personal:

• Married; three children

• Fluent in Russian and French; reading knowledge of German

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WILLIAM S. COHEN       

William S. Cohen was sworn in as the nation's 20th secretary of defense on January 24, 1997, in a White House ceremony, after having been confirmed by the U.S. Senate on January 22. He previously served three terms in the U.S. Senate for the state of Maine (1979-1997) and three terms in the House of Representatives from Maine's second congressional district (1973-1979).

Cohen was born August 28, 1940, in Bangor, Maine. He attended Bangor High School, graduating in 1958. He received his B.A. in Latin from Bowdoin College in 1962, and his LL.B. cum laude from Boston University Law School in 1965.

He served on the Senate Armed Services and Governmental Affairs Committees from 1979-97. He was a member of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence from 1983-91 and 1995-97, serving as vice chairman from 1987-91.

An influential voice on defense and international security issues, Cohen played a leading role in crafting the Goldwater-Nichols Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. He was the Senate sponsor of the GI Bill of 1984 and the subsequent enhancements to this landmark legislation. His efforts led to the creation of the Rapid Deployment Force, which later developed into the Central Command, and the maritime prepositioning program, both of which were key to the success of the Gulf War. He also co-authored the Intelligence Oversight Reform Act of 1991, as well as legislation designed to overhaul U.S. counterintelligence efforts and defend against foreign political and industrial espionage.

From the Competition in Contracting Act of 1984, which he authored, to the enactment of the Federal Acquisition Reform Act of 1996, which he played a key role in drafting, Cohen has been in the forefront of reforming the federal government's procurement process. Committed to bringing accountability and private sector best practices to government agencies, he also authored the Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 to improve the way federal agencies manage information technology investments and streamline the acquisition process.

Cohen served on the board of directors of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1989 to 1997, and, in 1996, he chaired the council's Middle East Study Group. He also has chaired and served on numerous study groups and committees at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, School of Advanced International Studies, and Brookings Institution on issues including Department of Defense reorganization, NATO enlargement, and chemical weapons arms control. Since 1985, Cohen has led the American delegation of senior Executive Branch officials and members of Congress to the Munich Conference on Security Policy, which brings together senior officials from NATO and Partnership for Peace countries. He also led U.S. delegations to the American-Arab Dialogue in Cairo and the Pacific Dialogue in Kuala Lumpur, regional conferences on security and economic issues.

In 1974, he was selected by TIME magazine as of one of America's 200 future leaders. The U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce named him one of the Ten Outstanding Young Men in America in 1975. In 1975, the Boston University Law School honored him with its prestigious "Young Lawyer's Chair," and in 1976, the Boston University Alumni Association presented him with its Award for Distinguished Public Service. In 1980, he received the "Vanguard" award from the Non-Commissioned Officers Association for his work on behalf of military personnel and in 1983, the same association honored him with the L. Mendel Rivers Award. In 1996, he received the U.S. Special Operations Command Medal.

Cohen has authored or co-authored eight books, including two books of poetry, three novels, and three works of non-fiction.

His wife, Janet Langhart, is president of Langhart Communications. Cohen has two grown sons, Kevin and Chris.

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JOHN D. HOLUM      

John D. Holum, director of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) since 1993, recently assumed the duties of the Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs.

Holum will serve in both capacities until ACDA is integrated fully with the State Department. Plans call for the two positions to be merged as undersecretary and senior adviser to the President and Secretary of State, as outlined in President Clinton's April 18, 1997 decision to reinvent the agencies that implement U.S. foreign policy.

Sworn in as ACDA Director on November 22, 1993, Holum serves as the principal adviser to the President and the Secretary of State on the full range of arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament matters. He advocates arms control as a main pillar of U.S. national security, and ensures that arms control is fully integrated into the development and conduct of U.S. national security policy.

Holum served as a defense and foreign policy adviser in the 1992 Clinton presidential campaign and assisted in the Clinton presidential transition. He also served as executive director of the platform drafting committee and the platform committee for the 1992 Democratic National Convention. From 1981 until his swearing in as ACDA Director, he practiced law in the Washington office of O'Melveny & Myers, concentrating on regulatory and international matters. He served on the Policy Planning Staff in the Department of State from 1979 to 1981, working on arms control and legal issues.

From 1965 to 1979, Holum was a member of Senator George McGovern's staff, where he served as legislative director and managed the senator's work on the Foreign Relations Committee. He served as issues director for Senator McGovern in the 1972 presidential primaries, and as chief speechwriter in the general election campaign.

Born December 4, 1940 in Highmore, South Dakota, Mr. Holum grew up on a family farm. His undergraduate education at Northern State Teachers College was in mathematics and physical sciences. Mr. Holum earned his J.D., with honors, at George Washington University School of Law in 1970.

Mr. Holum is married to Barbara P. Holum, a commissioner of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, and has one daughter, Tracy Lynn.

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KARL F. INDERFURTH      

Karl F. Inderfurth was nominated by President Clinton to serve as the Assistant Secretary of State for South Asian Affairs on June 11, 1997. He was confirmed by the Senate on July 31 and sworn into office by Secretary of State Madeleine Albright on August 29. In this capacity, Ambassador Inderfurth has responsibility for the countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Maldives. United States interests in South Asia are of growing importance, and include promoting stability and peace in the region, accelerating the already rapid growth in economic relations, supporting sustainable development, and protection of the environment.

On October 31, 1997, Inderfurth received an additional assignment, to serve as the U.S. Special Representative of the President and the Secretary of State for Global Humanitarian Demining. As the special representative he will oversee the President's "Demining 2010 Initiative," which establishes the goal of removing those landmines around the world that threaten civilians by the year 2010 and greatly increasing the worldwide resources devoted to that task.

Inderfurth served earlier as the U.S. Representative for Special Political Affairs to the United Nations. His portfolio included UN peacekeeping, disarmament, and security affairs. He also served as Deputy U.S. Representative on the UN Security Council and took part in council missions to Mozambique, Burundi, Somalia, Angola, Rwanda, and Western Sahara.

Born in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1946, Inderfurth attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he received his B.A. in political science in 1968. He was a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Strathclyde in Scotland and earned his M.A. from the Department of Politics at Princeton University in 1975.

From 1975 to 1976 he was a professional staff member of the Senate Intelligence Committee. From 1977 to 1979 he served on the staff of the National Security Council at the White House, as special assistant to Zbigniew Brzezinski, President Carter's National Security Adviser. And from 1979 to 1981, Inderfurth was the deputy staff director of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.

After working for the committee, Inderfurth joined ABC News, first as a national security correspondent with a focus on arms control. He won several awards for his reporting on the nation's security concerns, including an Emmy and an Alfred I. Dupont-Columbia University Award.

Inderfurth was Moscow correspondent for ABC News from February 1989 to August 1991. In this capacity he reported on the historic transformation of the Soviet Union. During his two-and-a-half-year assignment, he traveled to 12 of the then-15 Soviet republics and broadcast more than 400 reports for ABC News.

Inderfurth is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, the Fulbright Association, and the Council of American Ambassadors. Along with Loch Johnson of the University of Georgia, he co-authored an examination of the history and transformation of the National Security Council entitled "Decisions of the Highest Order: Perspectives on the National Security Council." He has been a contributor to the Washington Post, the Christian Science Monitor, and the International Herald Tribune.

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SUSAN J. KOCH      

Dr. Susan J. Koch is Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Threat Reduction Policy. Her responsibilities include nonproliferation policy, multilateral and bilateral arms control, and the Cooperative Threat Reduction/Nunn-Lugar Program with the new independent states of the former Soviet Union.

Before assuming her present position, Dr. Koch was deputy head of the Defense Policy and Arms Control Directorate on the White House National Security Council Staff, from December 1991 to February 1993. There she worked on the full range of defense policy and arms control issues, with special emphasis on nuclear questions. From March 1990 to December 1991, Dr. Koch was Assistant Director of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency for Strategic and Nuclear Affairs, responsible for arms control issues related to strategic and theater nuclear forces and strategic defense.

Dr. Koch was with the Office of the Secretary of Defense from December 1982 until March 1990. From October 1988 until March 1990, she was the Principal Director for Nuclear Forces and Arms Control Policy in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy.

From 1975 to 1982, Dr. Koch held a series of analytical and supervisory positions in the Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, concerned with the study of NATO, European Community, and West European domestic political issues. She taught international and comparative politics at Mount Holyoke College and the University of Connecticut between 1970 and 1975.

Dr. Koch has received the Presidential Meritorious Executive Award (1996), the Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Medal (1989, 1990, 1993, 1995), the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Distinguished Honor Award (1992), and the Department of State Meritorious Honor Award (1993).

Dr. Koch received a B.A. from Mount Holyoke College (1964) and an M.A. (1968) and Ph.D. (1972) in political science from Harvard University.

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AMBASSADOR JOHN W. MCDONALD      

Ambassador John W. McDonald is a lawyer, diplomat, former international civil servant, development expert, and peacebuilder, concerned about world social, economic, and ethnic problems. He spent 20 years of his career in Western Europe and the Middle East and worked for 16 years on United Nations economic and social affairs. He is currently chairman and co-founder of the Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy in Washington, D.C., which focuses on national and international ethnic conflicts.

McDonald retired from the Foreign Service in 1987, after 40 years as a diplomat. In 1987-88, he became a professor of law at The George Washington University Law School in Washington, D.C. He was senior advisor to George Mason University's Center for Conflict Analysis and Resolution and taught and lectured at the Foreign Service Institute and the Center for the Study of Foreign Affairs.

From December 1988 to January 1992, McDonald was president of the Iowa Peace Institute in Grinnell, Iowa, and a professor of political science at Grinnell College. In February 1992, he was named Bryant Wedge Visiting Professor at George Mason University's Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution in Fairfax, Virginia.

In 1983, McDonald joined the State Department's newly formed Center for the Study of Foreign Affairs as its Coordinator for Multilateral Affairs, and lectured and organized symposia on the art of negotiation, multilateral diplomacy, and international organizations. He has written or edited eight books on negotiation and conflict resolution.

From 1978-83, he carried out a wide variety of assignments for the State Department in the area of multilateral diplomacy. He was president of the INTELSAT World Conference called to draft a treaty on privileges and immunities; leader of the U.S. delegation to the UN World Conference on Technical Cooperation Among Developing Countries in Buenos Aires in 1978; secretary general of the 27th Colombo Plan Ministerial Meeting; head of the U.S. delegation which negotiated a UN Treaty Against the Taking of Hostages; U.S. coordinator for the UN Decade on Drinking Water and Sanitation; head of the U.S. delegation to UNIDO III in New Delhi in 1980; Chairman of the Federal Inter-Agency Committee for the UN's International Year of Disabled Persons, 1981; U.S. coordinator and head of the U.S. delegation for the UN's World Assembly on Aging, in Vienna, in 1982.

From 1974-78, he was deputy director general of the International Labor Organization (ILO) in Geneva, Switzerland, with responsibility for managing that UN agency's 3,200 person secretariat, with $135 million in programs in 120 member nations.

From 1947-1974, McDonald held State Department assignments in Berlin, Frankfurt, Bonn, Paris, Washington D.C., Ankara, Tehran, Karachi, and Cairo. He holds both a B.A. and a J.D. degree from the University of Illinois, and graduated from the National War College in 1967. He was appointed ambassador twice by President Carter and twice by President Reagan to represent the United States at UN World Conferences.

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MATTHEW F. MURPHY      

Murphy is a foreign affairs specialist in the Office of Public Information, U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA). He joined ACDA in 1976 and for four years managed the production of Arms Control Impact Analyses for the assistant director, Military Affairs Bureau. From 1980 until 1990, he was a public affairs specialist in the agency's Office of Public Affairs, serving as program manager for the Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program for most of this period. Murphy has been in his present assignment since 1990, with responsibility for planning and managing ACDA's public diplomacy activities.

During his time at ACDA, Murphy has been detailed as a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and at the Institute on Religion and Democracy. He has also been a guest lecturer at the Department of State's Foreign Service Institute and at the National Defense University. An expert on "just war" issues, Mr. Murphy has published a book on the subject as well as numerous essays and book reviews.

Before coming to ACDA, Murphy was a research analyst with the federal research division of the Library of Congress, where he supervised economic studies of the former Soviet Union and East Europe. Previous to that, he served for four years as a photo intelligence officer in the U.S. Air Force, responsible for managing the production of strategic and tactical air target materials.

A native of Boston Massachusetts, Murphy received a B.A. in European history from the College of the Holy Cross, an M.A. in war studies from King's College, the University of London, and an M.S. in broadcast journalism from Boston University's School of Public Communication. He is also a graduate of the Armed Forces Air Intelligence Training Center and the Defense Intelligence School.

Murphy is married to Angie Mace. They and their three children live in Rockville, Maryland.

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JAMES NOTTER      

James Notter is a Program Associate at the Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy (IMTD), currently serving as project manager for IMTD's Cyprus initiative. He began his career at IMTD in the summer of 1992 as the institute's first intern. He was hired as a full-time Program Associate in May 1993, following the completion of his Master's degree in Conflict Resolution.

Notter began work on the Cyprus project as an intern. He has made six trips to Cyprus and has assisted at nine training events conducted as part of the project. His responsibilities include all facets of project development and implementation, such as training, group facilitation, grant proposal writing, report writing, conflict analysis, and program evaluation. Between 1995 and 1997, Notter was in charge of evaluation for the Cyprus initiative, administering and analyzing specific event evaluation instruments, and conducting a general impact assessment in the fall of 1996. He served as a trainer on three Cyprus training events, including the Bicommunal Conflict Resolution Summer Camp for Greek and Turkish Cypriot teenagers in July 1997, and a Training of Trainers Program and a Project Management Training Program, both held in October 1997.

Notter has had four articles published during his time at IMTD. They include two published by IMTD ("Trust and Conflict Transformation" in 1995 and "Building Peace and Transforming Conflict: Multi-Track Diplomacy in Practice" with Louise Diamond in 1996) and two published in external periodicals ("Track Two Diplomacy: Nongovernmental Strategies for Peace," with John McDonald in U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda in 1996 and "Building Peace in Cyprus," in NIDR News in 1997).

Prior to joining IMTD, Notter was a graduate student at George Mason University's Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, graduating in May 1993.

Between 1989 and 1991, he was a research assistant at the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), a research agency of the U.S. Congress. He worked on a report entitled "Federally Funded Research: Decisions for A Decade," which analyzed the priorities and decision-making within federal scientific research spending. Prior to joining OTA, Notter held a volunteer internship at the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa.

Notter received his B.A. from the University of Tennessee in 1989.

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JOSEPH S. NYE, JR.      

Nye, who has been dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University since 1995, first joined the Harvard faculty in 1964. He has served as director of the Center for International Affairs, and associate dean of arts and sciences. For more than a decade, he taught one of the largest core curriculum courses in the college.

Nye has also worked in three government agencies. From 1977 to 1979, he served as deputy to the under secretary of state for security assistance, science and technology and chaired the National Security Council Group on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons. In recognition of his service, he received the highest Department of State commendation, the Distinguished Honor Award. In 1993 and 1994, he was chairman of the National Intelligence Council, which coordinates intelligence estimates for the President. He was awarded the intelligence community's Distinguished Service Medal. In 1994 and 1995, he served as assistant secretary of defense for international security affairs, in which position he also won two distinguished service medals.

A fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the Academy of Diplomacy, Nye has also been a senior fellow of the Aspen Institute, director of the Aspen Strategy Group, and a member of the executive committee of the Trilateral Commission. He has served as director of the Institute for East-West Security Studies, a director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, a member of the advisory committee of the Institute of International Economics, and the American representative on the United Nations Advisory Committee on Disarmament Affairs. He has been a trustee of Wells College and Radcliffe College.

A member of editorial boards of Foreign Policy and International Security magazines, he is the author of numerous books and more than a hundred articles in professional journals. His most recent books are Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (1990) and Understanding International Conflicts (1997). In 1997, he co-edited a book entitled, Why People Don't Trust Government. In addition, he has published policy articles in The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Atlantic, and The New Republic. He has appeared on programs such as ABC's Nightline and Good Morning America, NBC's Phil Donahue Show, CBS's Evening News, and The McNeil-Lehrer Report, as well as Australian, British, French, Swiss, Japanese, and Korean television.

Nye received his bachelor's degree summa cum laude from Princeton University in 1958. He did postgraduate work at Oxford University on a Rhodes Scholarship and earned a Ph.D. in political science from Harvard University.

In addition to teaching at Harvard, Nye also has taught for brief periods in Geneva, Ottawa, and London. He has lived for extended periods in Europe, East Africa, and Central America.

His hobbies include fly fishing, squash, skiing, and gardening, and working on his tree farm in New Hampshire. He is married to Molly Harding Nye, an art consultant and potter. They have three grown sons.